In the summer of 1557 parts of Europe had just suffered outbreaks of plague,[2] typhus,[2] measles,[13] and smallpox[13] when influenza arrived from the Ottoman Empire and North Africa. As many as 25 million may have been killed in the first 25 weeks; in contrast, HIV/AIDS has killed 25 million in its first 25 years. "Catarrh" swept through the Swiss plateaus from August to September and almost disrupted the graduate studies of Swiss physician Felix Plater,[25] who was sickened by severe fits of coughing while a candidate for his doctorate. Church services, Sicilian social life, and the economy were disrupted as the flu sickened a large portion of the population. [citation needed], An avian-adapted, highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 (called HPAI A(H5N1), for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1") causes H5N1 flu, commonly known as "avian influenza" or simply "bird flu", and is endemic in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. Then the fever went off, with a sweat of bleeding at the nose. ", "Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines, March 2007", "What you need to know about influenza (flu) from CDC", Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza&oldid=988320640, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Influenza virus, magnified approximately 100,000 times, Up to 650,000 respiratory deaths per year. [282][283], HPAI A(H5N1) is an avian disease and there is no evidence suggesting efficient human-to-human transmission of HPAI A(H5N1). Every year about 290,000 to 650,000 people die due to influenza globally, with an average of 389,000. [4] It is also the first pandemic where influenza is pathologically linked to miscarriages,[8] given its first English names,[2][9] and is reliably recorded as having spread globally. [82] Influenza infection and replication is a multi-step process: First, the virus has to bind to and enter the cell, then deliver its genome to a site where it can produce new copies of viral proteins and RNA, assemble these components into new viral particles, and, last, exit the host cell. [58] Sixteenth century Spaniards frequently referred to any mass outbreak of deadly disease generically as a pestilencia,[59] and "plagues" are recognized as occurring in Valencia[60] and Granada[61] during the years 1557–59, despite pathological records of true plague (like descriptions of buboes) occurring in the area at the time being scant. [55] The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans are: This genus has one species, influenza B virus. ", "Lesser-Known Strain of Bird Flu Kills 2 in China", "Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China", "Deadly Bird Flu Spreading in China, Unclear How", "Background and summary of human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus – as of 5 April 2013", "Analysis of recent scientific information on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus", "Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature", "Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement", "W.H.O. [202] [65] The Native American Cherokee appear to have been affected during this wave,[66] and it may have spread along newly established trade routes between Spanish colonies in the New World. "[46] Mary Stuart herself spent six days sick in her bedchambers. Although the strain of the virus is not thought to spread efficiently between humans,[286][287] by mid-April, at least 82 persons had become ill from H7N9, of which 17 had died. [278] The symptoms following infection with low-pathogenicity avian influenza may be as mild as ruffled feathers, a small reduction in egg production, or weight loss combined with minor respiratory disease. Egypt, which had been conquered by the Ottoman Empire around 40 years prior, became an access point for influenza to travel south through the Red Sea along shipping routes. [165] Measured resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in American isolates of H3N2 has increased to 91% in 2005. A 30% sickness rate and a three-week length of illness would decrease the gross domestic product by 5%. Increased travel due to the Northern Hemisphere winter holiday season may also play a role. Medical historians like Thomas Short, Lazare Rivière and Charles Creighton gathered descriptions of catarrhal fevers recognized as influenza by modern physicians[1][2][3][4][5] attacking populations with the greatest intensity between 1557 and 1559. Typically, biologics do not target metabolic pathways like anti-viral drugs, but stimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and/or antigen-presenting cells, in an effort to drive an immune response towards a cytotoxic effect against the virus. [277], Flu symptoms in birds are variable and can be unspecific. Cases expanded exponentially as merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers leaving Madrid transported the virus to cities and towns across the country. [8][70][71] The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape. In later pandemics antibiotics were available to control secondary infections and this may have helped reduce mortality compared to the Spanish flu of 1918.[205]. [220], Later flu pandemics were not so devastating. [23] In those who develop symptoms from experimental infection (only 67% of healthy experimentally infected individuals), symptoms and viral shedding show a similar pattern, but with viral shedding preceding illness by one day. [38], Occasionally, influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia. [2] A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate. [175][176] This syndrome has been believed to also be a rare side effect of influenza vaccines. [249] This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933. [105], The viral hemagglutinin protein is responsible for determining both which species a strain can infect and where in the human respiratory tract a strain of influenza will bind. [84], The intracellular details are still being elucidated. [2] Dr. Short found that the number of burials for market towns was much higher than christenings from 1557 to 1562. [6] Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure. Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people, and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion. [70], Most physicians of the time subscribed to the theory of humorism, and believed the cosmos or climate directly affected the health of entire communities. This flu was highly infectious and presented with intense, occasionally lethal symptoms. [26] Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs. (Cat flu generally refers to feline viral rhinotracheitis or feline calicivirus and not infection from an influenza virus.) This is called antigenic drift, which slowly creates an increasing variety of strains until one evolves that can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains. [34] Two decision analysis studies[35][36] suggest that during local outbreaks of influenza, the prevalence will be over 70%. Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. 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